A Linguistic Analysis of Two Newspaper Articles - 2777 Words

Analyze two newspaper articles with respect to the tools of linguistics. This work includes two newspaper articles. Article one is called â€Å"Pakistan’s alternative tourism industry† by Shyema Sajjad (Pakistani perspective) and article two is named as â€Å"CIA Contractor Raymond Davis is Free—Now Is the Time to Reconsider Our Support for Pakistan’s Government† by Christian Whiton (American perspective). Firstly, this assignment will work at two levels of analyzing article discourse. The first level includes the structuring of propositions and the second includes their sequence. Furthermore, the examination of individuals and actions fall under the first stage and the sequencing of these actions into a coherent whole follow it. Any discourse†¦show more content†¦Article one:- This article by a Pakistani writer takes an explicitly projected sarcastic mood. All the text has been explained as an ironic commentary castigating the new tourism packages Pakistan has recently offered. In this article America has been named openly as a predator on Pakistani â€Å"playground†. The writer gives America a symbol of a â€Å"tourist† who avails the â€Å"adventure package† and makes it back home â€Å"unharmed†. Another important naming strategy is the indirect use of â€Å"You† to connote Raymond Davis at an individual level and also America as whole, at a more advanced level. Calling America and Davis with the â€Å" you-perspective† takes an ironic atmosphere- both verbal irony and irony of situation. The word â€Å"you† also magnify the separated statuses of us and them. Article two:- In this article, Pakistan has been awarded words connoting hatred and disrespect. All through the length of the article, the American writer explicitly isolates Pakistan by the use of words like â€Å"Pakistani Government†, Pakistani officials, reliance on Pakistan. Pakistan has been given a simile of â€Å"a corrupt system†. On the contrary India has been mentioned as â€Å"democratic India† showing friendly allegiance with her. Davis has also been called in terms of a national hero through the words like â€Å"US Official†. On another point Davis has been flaunted by an isolated â€Å"Mr. Davis† highlighting his raised and respectful stature for America. Pakistan has also beenShow MoreRelatedA Study On The Hull Regional Dialect As A Variety Of English With Standard English1182 Words   |  5 Pagesby a people can be recognized. Consider an analysis of 2 example of text that highlight the Hull regional dialect as a variety of English with Standard English in its written form. Individuals are may choose to adopt a particular non-standard variety of English and indeed its accent through convergence, divergence or maintenance for a number of reasons. Firstly, standard varieties are usually considered the superior variety. 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The First Theory Of Development - 1659 Words

1. The first theory of development I chose was the psychoanalytic theory, more specifically Erikson’s psychosocial theory. I feel that this is an aspect of my development primarily from infancy through my early childhood. Erikson believed that throughout different stages of life we have different â€Å"stages† to conquer. When we are first born as infants we must battle trust versus mistrust. This was especially relevant in my life as a child because I did not like to be held by other people other than my parents. There are several home videos of me hiding behind my mom, dad, or other close family members. This impacted me through the next stages of my development, and I feel is still a major reason why I am so shy and introverted. Erikson†¦show more content†¦Finally, like the psychosocial theory, that had a slight unconscious effect on my personality, Skinner’s operant conditioning could most clearly explain my behavior now. My parents were very fond o f positive and negative reinforcement. They often spanked us as a child, which they used as a positive reinforcement to negate my bad behavior, such as flushing Legos down the toilet. My parents used negative reinforcement, such as taking the TV away, as well. These methods are ultimately how my parents behaviorally shaped me growing up, and even to some extent now. 2a. I would say that, Heidi has a passive genotype-environment correlation in operation in her life. From a genetic basis I can see that both of Heidi’s parents are the biological parents of Heidi, because of this Heidi has been given both of their genes. Heidi’s parents are both genetically good at cooking and enjoy it, Heidi also is inclined to cook and really enjoys it. Heidi’s parents are therefore molding Heidi’s enjoyment by reinforcing it with an easy-bake oven. They also take time to show Heidi the proper way to cook, and how to love cooking. Due to Heidi’s predispositions to cook and her parents loving and caring nature, Heidi will most likely learn to love cooking and become very good at it. 2b. In Rontre’s life, an active hereditary correlation, from a genetic base, means that Rontre will seek out environments or activities that he finds compatible to his

A Fair Punishment Free Essays

Alex Mueller Professor Goff Writing 122 19 February 2013 A Fair Punishment On the morning of April 21st, 2009, my biology teacher gave me, and the rest of the class, some terrible news. She told us that my high school classmate and friend, Major Washington, had been killed in a car accident the previous night. I later learned that Major, and his mother Sylvia Porter, had been hit by a drunk driver on their way to return a movie. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fair Punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The man behind the wheel was driving with a suspended license, and his blood-alcohol level was at . 8, which is three times the legal limit. This was not his first drunk driving offense. Suspending someone’s license on their first drunk driving offense is not a strong enough punishment. I believe that this tragedy could have been avoided if this man was in a place where he could not drink, and in a place where he could not get behind the wheel of a car. In order to avoid tragedies like this one, drunk drivers should be imprisoned on their first offense for one year. The opposition may argue that prison is meant for criminals only. Sending someone to prison, after they made one mistake, is wrong. A first time offender of driving while under the influence does not belong in prison. Prison is a place for those who have been charged with a serious criminal offense. This is true to a certain extent. However, drunk driving is a dangerous and deadly behavior no what offense it is. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration suggests the stiffer penalties for first-time high-BAC (blood alcohol content) offenders should be comparable to those applied to repeat offenders (NCSL 8). Associated essay: †Shame is Worth a Try† Summary These penalties include longer license suspension terms, longer prison sentences, higher fines, installation of an ignition interlock, and treatment for alcohol abuse (NCSL 8). The NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) recognizes the seriousness of impaired driving. Drivers with high blood alcohol content are at a greater risk of car accidents, injuries, and even death. Stricter penalties must be implemented. A first time offender should not be put into prison for what can legitimately be called a mistake. Whether it’s a first time offender, second, or even third time offender, they are all equally dangerous. When the argument arises that a person should not be imprisoned on their first offense of drunk driving, I simply ask the question: what if they get into an accident? If the accident results in the death of another person, that first time offender is going to prison for a long time. He or she does not belong in prison if they managed to get pulled over and arrested, but does that same person belong in prison if they hit and kill someone? According to the law, they do. If a person kills someone while driving under the influence, it is not going to matter what offense it is, they are going to prison. Imprisonment on the first offense of drunk driving will help to diminish the amount of â€Å"mistakes† people continuously make when they choose to get behind the wheel of a car. People may argue that first time offenders are able to get into treatment because they are more willing to plead to it, when they’re not going to be convicted of a crime. David J. Hanson, Ph. D. supports treatment by saying â€Å"providing effective treatment is essential to reducing hardcore drunk driving because, regardless of the punishment imposed, offenders will eventually begin driving again. The only way to prevent offenders from drinking and driving is treatment that brings about fundamental changes in behavior. † I believe that treatment can work to an extent, but it primarily depends on the person. It may work for some people, but not for all. By implementing the law of imprisonment on the first offense of drunk driving, a message will be sent that behavior of that nature will not be tolerated, and there will be no second chances. I believe that the fear of imprisonment can ultimately help decrease drunk-driving statistics. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2010, more than 10,000 people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. In 2011, 9,878 people were killed in alcohol-impaired crashes. The numbers have steadily decreased, but not enough. By establishing a law that says first time offenders of drunk driving shall be imprisoned for one year, fatalities and arrests will decrease even more. I believe that the fear of being imprisoned will also help decrease drunk driving statistics. Putting someone in prison will make he or she realize the mistake they made, and that they do not belong in that kind of environment. According to the NHTSA, alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes cost more than an estimated 37 billions dollars annually. By implementing this law, expenses related to drunk driving crashes can also decrease over time. When pulled over for driving drunk, drivers should be imprisoned on the first offense for one year. If this law were implemented, alcohol-impaired related deaths would decrease, as would the amount of arrests. Tragedies like the one that involved my friend, would be avoided. Suspending a person’s license is not a strong enough punishment because it does not ensure that he or she will not drive a car. The man in my story who caused the accident had a suspended license, yet he was still able to get behind the wheel of a car. The decision he made that night resulted in a haunting tragedy for many people. It would not have happened had he been put in prison on his first offense. How to cite A Fair Punishment, Essay examples

The Concepts of Competency - Self-Assessment and Self-Regulation

Question: How does improving your skills with an e-portfolio link to the concepts of competency, self-assessment and self-regulation? Answer: Introduction Nurses should maintain their professional portfolio which represents their professional knowledge, development in their skills over the past time, their competencies, and marketing skills, when applying for new jobs in nursing or for higher position opportunity. In new emerging technology, a new learning tool is launched for nurses called e-portfolio. The e - Portfolio is an online curriculum vitae that is a simple paper transformed information to an electronic form for online use. E-portfolio consist of scanned documents related to nursing, their achievements, experience certificate and other employment records. These documents are seen by the hiring committees, managers, and by nursing regulatory bodies. e-Portfolio The word is derived from Italian word Portare means to carry and Foglio means leaf or sheet (Meister et al. 2002. Portfolios are different from resumes or CV. Portfolio of a nursing professional show evidences related to nursing skills, their knowledge and his/ her core competencies. These portfolios were used to apply for new job, carrier promotions, reviewing of nurse qualification and for preparing performance chart. Portfolios have useful information which were arranged in orderly fashion, for reviewing by others. But now these were portfolios converted to e- portfolio, which contain all this information, but in electronic form for an online use (Oermann 2002). Concept of competency Competencies for professional nursing should reflect the multifaceted nature of nursing practice, carrying out assessment and broad scope of skills. Portfolio assessment can enhance learning, however, its purpose to measure competence is not strongly established (McCready 2006). The ANMC 2005 define Competency is a bunch of technical knowledge, skills related to nursing practice, merit and personality which one is reflected in his/ her performance chart. Competence can be cannot be recuperate if knowledge and skills are not maintained. (Storey and Haigh 2002). A number of tools have been developed for judging competence in nursing, but none shows empirical results (EDCAN 2008). Patient outcome, peer assessment, self-appraisal, and continuing education are some of the indicators which can be applied to assess competency. Self-assessment Self-assessment helps in shaping up nursing career. It defines goals and give direction, in which nurses should work seriously in order to achieve success in their profession. Nursing schools should plan their courses to meet self - assessment objectives. To meet this goal, teachers should give the assessment task to students, which help nursing professionals in achieving successful learning results. E-portfolios help nursing professionals to state aim and goals in their career. (Stefani et al. 2007) (Bhattacharya and Harnett 2007; Robles and Braathen 2002). Self-regulation Self- regulation is a part of the nurse regulatory body. The work of these regulatory bodies is to focus on safety and proper care of the public, which they received from registered qualified nurses. Self- regulation determines that profession met standards of education and practice according to a code of ethics for registered nurses. Self-regulation works by practicing nursing according to regulatory bodies and sharing their expertise in the development of a code of ethics and nursing standards. Self-regulation is important in nursing in the interest of public trust. Nurses tethered to their standards and code of ethics. When nurses work according to their standards and regulatory bodies, they gain respect and trust of people. Conclusion Nurses should improve their skills with an e - portfolio link by self- assessment, competence and self- regulation concept. These concepts help nurses in staying ahead in their profession and gaining growth and development. These skills help in development of nurse personality and in emerging out effective e-portfolio. An e portfolio is a representation of nurses scanned documents, achievements, proof of their skills, experience certificate, reviews, professional growth graph, developed skills and knowledge related to their work. Recorded e- portfolio information used by nurses and other hiring managers, nursing registration board and employers for job selection and grading them. By this information nurses can develop their skills, increase knowledge and can do self-assessment about, why they are lacking behind in career, what measures should be taken to improve their knowledge and skill, and what are their core competencies. References 1. National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse 2005 Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council.. 2. Barrett, H.C, 2004, Differentiating Electronic Portfolios and Online Assessment Management, Systems, 3. Benner, P, 1984, From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical, Addison-Wesley, Menlo-Park, California. 4. Benner, P., Tanner, C, 1987, How expert nurses use intuition, Am. J. Nurs., vol. 87, no.1, pp. 23-34. 5. Bhattacharya, M., Hartnett, M, 2007, E-portfolio assessment in higher education. In: 37th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Milwaukee, USA, 6. EDCAN, 2008, Competency Assessment in Nursing: a Summary of the Literature. 7. Green, J., et al. 2013, Electronic portfolios in nursing education. 8. McMullen, M, Endacott, R, Gray, M.A, Jasper, M, Miller, C.M.L, Scholes, J, Webb, C, 2003, Portfolios and assessment of competence: a review of the literature, J. Adv. Nurs., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 283-294. 9. McCready, T, 2006, Portfolios and the assessment of competence in nursing: a literature review, Int. J. Nurs. Stu., vol. 44, pp. 143-151. 10. Meister, L, Heath, J, Andrews, J, Tingen, M.., 2002, Professional nursing portfolios: a global perspective, MEDSURG Nur. , vol. 11, no.4, pp. 177-182. 11. Robles, M., Braathen, S, 2002, Online assessment techniques. Delta Pi Epstein J.XLIV (1), 39e49. Winter. 12. Stefani, L., Mason, R., Pegler, C., 2007, The Educational Potential of E-Portfolios: Supporting: Personal Development and Reflective Learning, Routledge, London. 13. Storey, L, Haigh, C, 2002, Portfolios in professional practice, Nur. Edu. Pract., vol. 2, pp. 44-48. 14. Oermann, M.H, 2002, Developing a professional portfolio in Nursing, Orthop. Nurs., vol. 15. 21, no.2, pp.73-78.

Joseph John Thomson Was Born On December 18, 1856 Near Manchester, Eng

Joseph John Thomson was born on December 18, 1856 near Manchester, England. His father died when J.J.. was only sixteen. The young Thomson attended Owens College in Manchester, where his professor of mathematics encouraged him to apply for a scholarship at Trinity College, one of the most prestigious of the colleges at Cambridge University. Thomson won the scholarship, and in 1880 finished second in his class in the grueling graduation examination in mathematics. Trinity gave him a fellowship and he stayed on there, trying to craft mathematical models that would reveal the nature of atoms and electromagnetic forces. One hundred years ago, amidst glowing glass tubes and the hum of electricity, the British physicist J.J.. Thomson went venturing into the interior of the atom. At the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Thomson was experimenting with currents of electricity inside empty glass tubes. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as cathode rays. His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles corpuscles, and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. It was startling to imagine a particle residing inside the atom--most people thought that the atom was indivisible, the most fundamental unit of matter. Thomson's speculation was not explicitly supported by his experiments. It took more experimental work by Thomson and others to sort out the confusion. The atom is now known to contain other particles as well. Yet Thomson's bold suggestion that cathode rays were material constituents of atoms turned out to be correct. The rays are made up of electrons: very small, negatively charged particles that are indeed fundamental parts of every atom. Modern ideas and technologies based on the electron, leading to television and the computer and much else, evolved through many difficult steps. Thomson's careful experiments and adventurous hypotheses were followed by crucial experimental and theoretical work by many others in the United Kingdom, Germany, France and elsewhere. These physicists opened for us a new perspective--a view from inside the atom. First, in a variation of an 1895 experiment by Jean Perrin, Thomson built a cathode ray tube ending in a pair of metal cylinders with a slit in them. These cylinders were in turn connected to an electrometer, a device for catching and measuring electrical charge. Perrin had found that cathode rays deposited an electric charge. Thomson wanted to see if, by bending the rays with a magnet, he could separate the charge from the rays. He found that when the rays entered the slit in the cylinders, the electrometer measured a large amount of negative charge. The electrometer did not register much electric charge if the rays were bent so they would not enter the slit. As Thomson saw it, the negative charge and the cathode rays must somehow be stuck together: you cannot separate the charge from the rays. All attempts had failed when physicists tried to bend cathode rays with an electric field. Now Thomson thought of a new approach. A charged particle will normally curve as it moves through an electric field, but not if it is surrounded by a conductor (a sheath of copper, for example). Thomson suspected that the traces of gas remaining in the tube were being turned into an electrical conductor by the cathode rays themselves. To test this idea, he took great pains to extract nearly all of the gas from a tube, and found that now the cathode rays did bend in an electric field after all. Thomson concluded from these two experiments, I can see no escape from the conclusion that [cathode rays] are charges of negative electricity carried by particles of matter. But, he continued, What are these particles? are they atoms, or molecules, or matter in a still finer state of subdivision? Thomson's third experiment sought to determine the basic properties of the particles. Although he couldn't measure directly the mass or the electric charge of such a particle, he could measure how much the rays were bent by a magnetic field, and how much energy they carried. From this data he could calculate the ratio of the mass of a particle to its electric charge (m/e). He collected data using a variety of tubes and using different gases. Theories about the atom proliferated in the wake of Thomson's 1897 work. If Thomson had found the single building block of all atoms,

Social Order essays

Social Order essays The Middle Ages were a time of disease and torture looking upon the old ideas to run the county or time they lived in. The Renaissance were a time of new ideas and a new way to look at things, in a way the Renaissance gave rebirth to the Middle Ages by devolving so many thing in its time. The social order in the Middle Ages was a thing that had been around forever never changing. This order was known as a cast system that you had the peasants then moves up to the freeman, then to the royals that were spilt into sections of higher nobly and lower nobly. The thing that was prefect about this system was that you were born into your section and never advance, making it a contract for survival in the time of death and torment. The main part of the social order was the feudal system that would have lords of higher stature would grant pieces of land to vassals giving them fiefs that they could have peasants work to earn money and food for their lords. But they had one thing that went down in history: The lord of my lord is not my lord. They used this phrase to say that they only work for the lord of the fief and not the one who gave it to him. In the Renaissance the social changed dramatically changing from a born into system to a new idea of social order, they made it so that you had your peasants, then the higher order, then the church, and then the royals. The way they changed it was that you could advance to a higher level by marrying into a higher family or being knighted, the best advance was to be schooled and become pope. Some people did not advance or choose to in the Renaissance either because they were killed or they were of the royal family which could not move down the social ladder they could only move up to become king or queen. The Renaissance was a better time to live in because the people of the times could advance and not be tied down to the social class you were born into. Th ...

The Impact of Globalization in Singapore, With Reference To American Essay

The Impact of Globalization in Singapore, With Reference To American Brands and Goods - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the globalization phenomenon is one of the most widespread phenomena in the world.   In recent years however, with the expansion of globalized activities, Asia has acquired various qualities which are distinctly western. In the West, Asian influence has also become slowly apparent. Singapore is a richly diverse country. It is an industrialised and highly developed country which lies in the middle of a diverse Asian and Western mix of cultures and economic activities. In so many ways, Singapore has acquired various qualities which seem to be distinctly western; moreover, American brands have also become more popular in the country. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive evaluation of the impact of globalization on the Asian culture, especially the culture of Singapore. Body First and foremost, American culture and goods have become popular in the world because the United States of America is on e of the most powerful nations in the world, economically, politically, and culturally. Its economy is one of the most extensive and progressive economies in the world. It is involved in almost every enterprise in the world, and most of its multinational corporations have set up conglomerates and subsidiaries in different parts of the world. Politically, its membership in the UN Security Council as well as in other international organizations has ensured that its opinion and position on various political concerns would have to be heard. Its culture has also gained a strong following among the youth population in different parts of the world. The internet has also spread the American culture, economy, and politics in different regions, including Asia. American culture and goods have become popular in the world because it is a culture which appeals to the young and vibrant population. The current generation has been bred in the internet age, where the definitions and foundations of be ing up-to-date or of being part of the majority crowd are based on one’s patronage of Lady Gaga or of one’s habit of eating at MacDonald’s. American culture and goods have become popular because these also carry the identity of a powerful country, and many countries and citizens from other parts of the world seek to identify themselves with such a country. The fact that many American shows, movies, and songs have become widely available to most countries has also assisted in the spread of American culture. Emulation has become one of the primary motivators for the growth of American culture, and since the popularity and reach of the culture of other countries is not as pervasive as the reach of the American culture, by overwhelming default, the American culture has become dominant. The culture in Singapore consists of a rich mixture of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Western culture.

Spreading Innovation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spreading Innovation - Term Paper Example The problem being addressed by this innovation is poor devotion or observance to individually administered management practices particularly prescriptions among diabetic individuals. The outcome associated with this innovation is improved control of individual glycemic levels and reduced costs of treatment since the prevalence of complications is significantly reduced (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012). This innovation can be introduced in my organization to help improve quality and safety of healthcare services. One of the problems that can be addressed by this innovation in my organization involves cancer patients. Text messages and nurse follow up whereby participants are asked to respond to the text messages outlining their current conditions can help the organization detect changes in patients health status as some cases of cancer may reoccur. Subsequently, responses to text messages by the participants can be used to detect any cases of complications after initial treatment is conducted. As reiterated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2012), strategies that I may employ to sustain this innovation include making a personal relationship with the participants and also aligning the content of the text messages with individual interests. This is important as it may arouse motivation and conversely help build a construct ive relationship based on trust between the medical practitioners and the participants. In a nutshell, text messaging and nurse follow-up as an innovation can be used to track health progress among patients suffering from a wide range of illnesses. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2012).Daily Text Messages and Nurse Follow-up Improve Self-Management Behaviors in Patients with Diabetes, Leading to Better Glycemic Control and Lower

Chronic fatigue syndrome, dietary and lifestyle changes for Essay

Chronic fatigue syndrome, dietary and lifestyle changes for improvement of health - Essay Example The implication is that all the bodily functions go slow: feeling fatigued. The fatigue discussed here is not the kind that comes from heavy exertion, a busy day or week, or even a stressful event, such as a death of a loved one. Bed rest does not cure the fatigue, and daily functions, along with normal cognitive skill levels, are greatly reduced, such as producing a mental fog. Symptoms can last at least six months and beyond, through a lifetime. This seriously affects the patient’s lifestyle, creating problems at work, within family relationships, any educational and outside social activities (CDC, 2014a; WHRC, 2011). In this paper, we review the diagnosis of a patient who has been determined to have CFS, and what some of the solutions can be, based on the symptoms presented. Notably, women (522) are twice as often to get CFS as men (291) do, within a group of 100,000 people (Logan & Wong, 2001). The patient is a 42-year old male, diagnosed with CFS, a body mass index (BMI) of 32, is obese, and is experiencing fibromyalgia, rheumatism, depression and anxiety, a poor sleep pattern of very little at night, with an 18-hour day. Additionally, there is heretic bowel function with nausea, diarrhoea, alternating with constipation, belching, heartburn and indigestion, along with cravings, all of which suggests potential irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aside from the lack of energy, the patient presents symptoms of diabetes II. The patient will be checked first for an official diagnosis of diabetes I or II, and will also be tested for muscular oxidative stress (mitochondria), and weakness of satellite cells, along with adrenal fatigue, will also be tested and measured. The patient is currently taking medication for depression, migraine and fibromyalgia. There are two widely-held hypotheses regarding the nature of CFS and associated illnesses commonly found with the overall diagnosis of CFS. The first is that fatigue is caused by psychological

Impacts of Nuclear Energy on Global Business

Impacts of Nuclear Energy on Global Business 1. Background and Overview Tony Blair’s Labour government has finally decided to move ahead â€Å"with a vengeance† (Webster, 2006) with its’ plans for development of nuclear power, ending years of speculation on the issue. Work on the last nuclear power station started eighteen years ago in the UK on Sizewell B and since then there has been a complete embargo on any fresh initiative in the area. Things are now likely to change, much to the concern of environmentalists and anti nuclear campaigners. The use of nuclear power, for any reason, peaceful or otherwise, has always been looked upon with deep suspicion because of its inherent association with weapons of mass destruction and its ability to cause large scale destruction on a horrific and unimaginable scale. â€Å"Many analysts have attempted to explain the visceral hostility toward nuclear power, and the most common explanation is that people link nuclear power with nuclear weapons.† (Lorenzini, 2005) The reasons for this attitude are also justifiable as most scientific work in atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission, be it in the USA, Nazi Germany or communist Russia, at least till 1956, was focussed primarily on the furthering of the atomic bomb. It was only after 1956 that the focus of nuclear technology shifted to the design of safe and reliable nuclear plants. The growth in use of nuclear energy for power entered a state of not just stagnation but moderate decline, world wide, in the late seventies and remained so until the turn of the century and the UK was presumably, but echoing global concern in the formulation of its energy policy. Very few reactors were ordered globally and the new reactors coming on line just about matched requirements. Global capacity increased by only a third in more than a decade. Even then, nuclear energy, from the 442 nuclear power reactors used in 31 countries, adds up to one sixth of the world’s electricity supply today. The growth of nuclear fuel as an energy source has been sluggish due to quite a few reasons, some of which now need rethinking in today’s grim geopolitical and environmental scenario. For more than three decades, energy policies in the United States and much of the Western world have been held in the ideological grip of a flawed concept: the notion that we can achieve sustainable energy by relying solely on conservation and renewable resources, such as wind, the sun, the tides, and organic materials like wood and crop waste. Born in the wake of the 1973 oil embargo and arising out of renewed commitments to environmental quality, this idea has an almost religious appeal. An unintended result is that the world has become ever more reliant on fossil fuels and therefore less able to respond to global warming. (Lorenzini, 2005) It has been the case of the pro nuclear power lobby, for many years now, that nuclear energy is a clean, economic and efficient way to generate power; ideal for continuous generation of medium and large scale electricity. In nuclear power stations, apart from the nuclear reactors, the rest of the equipment works similarly to those in coal or gas fuelled power plants. However, the cheaper and more widely available fuel used by these nuclear plants, compared to those fired by coal, oil and gas, makes the case for its’ wider use attractive. This is especially relevant today with oil hovering in the range of 70 to 73 USD per barrel, and gas from the North Sea wells beginning to run out. With the increase in greenhouse and emission problems and the uncertainty of fossil fuel supplies in a shifting and unstable political environment, the nuclear power option has definitely got itself a strong tailwind. The concerns of the anti nuclear campaigners focus on a number of worrying issues. Their first contention concerns the forecasted reduction of carbon dioxide emission from nuclear power plants; this to them is no more than blatant propaganda. In the US, where much of the worlds uranium is enriched, including Australias, the enrichment facility at Paducah, Kentucky, requires the electrical output of two 1000-megawatt coal-fired plants, which emit large quantities of carbon dioxide, the gas responsible for 50per cent of global warming. Also, this enrichment facility and another at Portsmouth, Ohio, release from leaky pipes 93per cent of the chlorofluorocarbon gas emitted yearly in the US. The production and release of CFC gas is now banned internationally by the Montreal Protocol because it is the main culprit responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion. But CFC is also a global warmer, 10,000 to 20,000 times more potent than carbon dioxide. (Caldicott, 2005) In addition, the environmentalists say that nuclear fuel cycle also consumes large quantities of fossil fuel, in the mining of uranium, in the construction of the reactor and its’ robotic decommissioning as also in the transportation and storage of radioactive waste. The use of nuclear fuel can lead to significant health threats from the unregulated emission of radioactive isotopes; which include Krypton, Xenon, Argon and Tritium and could cause long term physical harm to residents in surrounding and nearby areas. These releases are unregulated because the nuclear industry considers these particular radioactive elements to be biologically inconsequential. The transportation and storage of radioactive waste could also become a global security problem, if the use of nuclear energy is adopted on a wide basis. A completely new and potentially catastrophic dimension would be added to global security with the deliberate creation of new and potentially vulnerable targets for terrorist strikes. While the advanced nations would be able to shore up reasonable levels of security the same may not be true of the developing countries where weaker management systems could lead to grave risks; witness the variation in the effectiveness of different management sy stems in disaster control in the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island episodes. Nuclear proliferation remains a major issue. The USA is planning to go ahead with the selling of weapons grade nuclear fuel to India, (a non signatory to the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty and a country with a history of surreptitious manufacture of nuclear weapons) for use in power generation. If it is India today, can Pakistan be far behind? The prospect of an atomic bomb capable Pakistan getting access to Yellow Cake, an intermediary for the production of enriched uranium, is a frightful thought; enough to send shivers down the spine of the developed world. The energy crisis enveloping the globe has a number of dimensions, all equally worrying. The availability of fossil fuels is reducing sharply because of resource depletion, price spikes and geopolitical reasons. Greenhouse emissions of carbon dioxide are leading to global warming with far reaching ecological effects that could one day threaten the existence of the world. The development of renewable energy sources, wind and solar, once touted as the best solutions, have been largely unsuccessful and remained in the realm of experimentation; useful only in small isolated pockets. In this situation, while nuclear energy does appear to have most of the answers, the concerns of the environmentalists and the anti nuclear campaigners also remain very valid. 2. Impact on Contemporary Business Organisations The UK has always been in the forefront of development of nuclear technology. The work carried out by British scientists in the 1940s was renewed after the war and it is pertinent to recall that the world’s first nuclear power reactor started in the UK in 1956. Twenty three nuclear reactors power the country’s nuclear plants, leading to the generation of a total of 75 billion kWh of electricity, a fifth of the country’s requirement. However, all but three of these plants are scheduled to close by 2020, with consequent effects on the economy and operations of contemporary business organisations. The major dilemma for business and economy is to find alternative sources for energy, nuclear or otherwise to fill this expected gap in energy production and to provide for increased needs. 2020 is not so far away. The other major factor staring British economy in the face is the prospect of importing 90 % of its gas requirement by 2025. The country and its economy is looking at a huge energy deficit, an issue that will need resolution in the very near future. The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) has, in a widely publicised call in April this year, asked the Government to clarify its’ stand on longer term carbon emission policy to enable low carbon emission sources like nuclear fuel to play an important role. The CBI has also stated very categorically that nuclear power is the only proven low-carbon technology able to deliver consistent supplies of electricity on a large scale. The advantages of stable operating costs, the availability of nuclear fuel from politically stable countries and the ability to store uranium are practical reasons to work towards the development and commissioning of more nuclear plants. In addition, the operating costs of nuclear power are stable because the cost of fuel varies between only 5 and 10% of total operating costs. The cost of building nuclear power plants, as of now, is far more than that of conventional oil, gas and coal fired plants. Operating costs are however not just lower but also expected to be stable and independent of recurring political upheavals. Two factors are however set to change these circumstances. The cost of fossil fuel, especially oil is on a sharp upward path, threatening to throw all cost projections out of gear. The expected depletion in gas resource and consequent compulsion to buy increasing quantities from outside is also going to come with its own consequences, increased costs definitely one of them. While manufacturers of nuclear power plants are working on reduction of capital cost, a â€Å"significant increase in the price of natural gas could make new nuclear plants economically competitive even without further reductions in their capital costs.† (Taylor, 2004) The CBI in its statement of April also stated that companies would seriously consider investing in new, capital intensive nuclear plants, subject to the introduction of a correct non-discriminatory policy on carbon emission; beyond the present policy which is unclear after 2012. Intense concern about the current situation also made it say that â€Å"an energy policy based on crossing fingers and the use of the prayer mat is not acceptable†.(Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom, 2006) Contemporary businesses, not just in the UK but across the globe are wrestling with an energy crisis, the widespread usage of fast depleting fossil fuels, rocketing oil prices currently resting in the low 70s (USD per barrel), and the continuous spectre of carbon dioxide emissions and global warming. The real advantage of nuclear energy is its potency. One pound of uranium contains the energy equivalent of roughly one million pounds of coal. Such potency means that nuclear powers energy potential is vast, clearly sustainable as a long-term resource. It also means nuclear’s environmental impact is inherently low. With so much energy coming from such a small volume of material, producing nuclear fuel requires much less exploration, mining, transportation, and collection, with all their attendant environmental problems, than do fossil fuels. For example, a 1,000-megawatt nuclear plant requires one refueling per year, whereas a similarly sized coal plant requires 80 rail cars of coal per day. (Lorenzini, 2005) The gridlock appears to be slowly tightening with nuclear power possibly the only solution to the intensifying problem. 3. Likely Future Scenario The future scenario in use of fuel for energy and its development is probably going to move in reasonably predictable directions. All across the globe, awareness on global warming and its possibly devastating repercussions has heightened considerably. Every natural calamity, be it the Tsunami in Indonesia, earthquakes in Pakistan, the arrival of the Katrina in the United States or the melting of the glaciers in the Himalayas finds an immediate media connection to carbon dioxide emissions, the greenhouse effect and global warming. This phenomenon, coupled with the instability of supply and the rising cost of fossil fuels is going to lead to an expansion of nuclear power both in the USA and the UK. Governmental restrictions on use of nuclear power are slowly being dismantled as governments across the globe see the advantages of going nuclear for power generation. Along with increase in nuclear power generation, governments across continents will try to develop renewable energy sources for power generation. Renewable energy has not really made much headway despite concerted efforts in the last thirty years. Nearly 90 % of the global energy production is obtained from fossil sources and most of the rest comes from nuclear power. Wind and hydro energy can be harnessed only in suitable locations that have access to huge amounts of rainfall, fast flowing rivers or conditions suitable for setting up wind farms. Countries with access to fossil fuels, oil, gas and coal will of course continue to depend heavily upon these sources for power. However, the threat of emissions and consequent ozone layer depletion will nudge all countries towards the development of alternative sources. The rising costs of oil, essential for vehicular and air transportation will lead to its curtailment for use as as fuel for all but essential reasons. Renewable sources will of course fill a part of the yawning power gap which appears to be looming on the horizon but nuclear power is also very much a part of the final answer. It is the one energy source that today combines the benefits of displacing the use of fossil fuels, minimising pressure on land, avoiding resource depletion and restricting harmful emissions. The UK and the USA, both countries with over regulated nuclear power generation environments will necessarily open up their laws to ease the setting up of newer power facilities, based on nuclear fuels. The building of nuclear energy capacity necessarily comes with the enormous added responsibility of ensuring public health and safety, involving first, the storage and containment of harmful waste material and second, the prevention of dangerous nuclear material going into the hands of rogue states and terrorist organisations. Contemporary business organisations will need to survive in similar circumstances for the next few years until additional nuclear and renewable energy facilities are set up. This is essentially going to be a slow, expensive and careful process and the period of infrastructure build up will be open to all the risks that exist today, namely uncertain supplies and skyrocketing prices. It is only with the spread and extensive use of nuclear power on a global basis, the establishment and strict enforcement of protocols for responsible and peaceful use of nuclear energy and the rooting out of rogue states and terrorist organisations that businesses will be able to witness and take advantage of stability in supplies and cost of energy, free of the worry of a global environmental threat from emissions of harmful gases. 4. Summary and Way Forward In the UK the 2006 review of the energy policy has put development of nuclear energy firmly on agenda and public opinion is also now veering towards its use. It has been determined that all the new plants will have to be built by the private sector with internalised waste and decommissioning costs. All barriers that threaten to slow down investment will be looked at very carefully, without compromising public safety; new and speedier licensing procedures will also be considered. The use of nuclear fuel for energy is gaining ground globally after years of stagnation but some of the old concerns still remain. Environmentalists and anti nuclear campaigners have a number of worries, most of which concern safety, the prevention of hazards from nuclear plants and the misuse of nuclear fuel by rogue states, international criminals and terrorist organisations. While their strident objections to the theory of nuclear energy being much cleaner and â€Å"greener† than energy derived from fossil fuels could be taken to be substantially incorrect, it would be presumptuous to brand all their worries about safety and the possibility of nuclear proliferation as facile and alarmist. Many of these concerns are still valid and do need attention. The two major areas that demand consideration are the disposal of nuclear waste and the reprocessing of spent fuel. The sustainability of nuclear power, the ability to make it work for long time frames and to think of it as a real long term solution to the global power issue depends upon obtaining an acceptable and workable solution to the problem of managing nuclear waste. Nuclear wastes are classified differently from other toxic residues and need to be kept safely for thousands of years, whereas the timeframe for non radioactive toxics of between 50 to 70 years is far less. Work is needed in this area on two fronts, the carrying out of continuous scientific research, needing significant governmental and institutional funding to find a solution to the storage problem, and a fresh look at regulatory laws to assess whether they can be revisited without compromising safety. Reprocessing relates to the process in which plutonium and uranium are chemically separated from spent fuel for reuse, as is done in France. Reprocessing allows for more complete usage and tapping of the energy potential of nuclear fuel and makes waste management easier, reducing both bulk and long term hazards which could arise from the waste. However, the separated plutonium could create a potential nuclear threat, if it finds its way to the wrong hands, and again will need very careful security. After years of stagnation, the several demands of the twenty first century have combined to make the world seriously think of the need for nuclear power. The increase in demand for power and electricity in the developing world, the sharply eroding global resources of fossil fuels, the continuing global geopolitical instability, the skyrocketing prices of oil and gas, and the need to severely restrict carbon emissions are forcing nations to turn towards nuclear fuel for release from their energy worries. The need of the moment is to think and to cooperate in this global mission. As Paul Lorenzini states: The most critical step is to build a consensus among energy planners and policymakers that sustainability as a policy goal should include nuclear power. Bringing nuclear power back into the mix for energy planning means shedding ideological biases. It means openness of thinking to resolve the tension between the human desire for modernization and the global need for sustainability (2005) References Caldicott, H, 2005, Nuclear Power is the problem, not a solution, Common Dreams News Center, www.commondreams.org/views05/0415-23.htm Clapp, R. W., 2006 Nuclear Power and Public Health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(11), 720+.Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5012166072 [27 Aug 2006] Lorenzini, P., 2005, Spring. A Second Look at Nuclear Power: By Overlooking Nuclear Power in the Quest for Clean Energy, We Are Condemning Ourselves to a Future of Increased Fossil Fuel Use. Issues in Science and Technology, 21, 31+. Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5009414160 [27 Aug 2006] Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom, 2006, World Nuclear Association, www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.htm [27 Aug 2006] Taylor, J. J. (2004, Spring). The Nuclear Power Bargain: The Potential Benefits Are Enormous If We Can Continue to Make Progress on Safety, Environmental, Fuel Supply, and Proliferation Concerns. Issues in Science and Technology, 20, 41+. Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5006170378 [27 Aug 2006] Webster, P, 2006, Britain goes nuclear to beat energy crisis, Times Online, www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2184192,00.html [27 Aug 2006]

Kaupapa Māori Theory and Critical Theory Essay -- Education, Philosop

Discuss how Kaupapa MÄ ori Theory and Critical Theory are similar to one another and yet differ from Deficit Theory. Use examples and references to support your claims. Remember your examples should relate to an educational setting. For many eons the roots of kaupapa MÄ ori theory have grown in Aotearoa by virtue of being the MÄ ori ideology: a philosophical doctrine, incorporating the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values of MÄ ori society; whereas critical theory was developed in the â€Å"Frankfurt School â€Å"in Europe, in the 1930s. But apart from those thousands of miles and years, they have surprising similarities to each other (Pihama, 2001). Nonetheless: kaupapa MÄ ori theory is defined by MÄ ori for MÄ ori (Pihama, 2001). With a similar process, but not in a MÄ ori context, critical thinking analytically questions what is normally recognised as the unquestionable truth and evaluates it before reconstructing it (Elder, 2007). One vital aspect in the relevance to education of critical theory and kaupapa MÄ ori theory is the importance of teachers creating positive learning environments (Ministry of Education, 2010). Contrasting this, an example as defined in the Te Kotahitanga report , is the deficit theory, where mainstream teachers blame the lack of MÄ ori educational achievement on the students themselves, or their families or cultural background (Ministry of Education, 2010). The consequence of this deficit theorising is probable failure of pupils in the school system. Discussed in this essay will be the deficit theory and why education needs to look towards the more positive models of the kaupapa MÄ ori theory and critical theory with their similarities and successes. As prevention is better than cure, especially as the cure com... ...parents have used conscientisation, when they have not complied with the status quo of English medium schools, by moving their children, their whanau, their support and allegiance into the MÄ ori medium schools. Tragically, this has been because of deficit theorising, as MÄ ori have been under represented in educational successes, with teachers feeling there is little they can do to bring about change. Thankfully, for the greater percentage of MÄ ori children who still remain in English medium schools, with professional development models such as Te Kotahitanga, and Ka hikatia, with their MÄ ori education strategy initiatives, educators can create learning contexts that will provide students with those tools that are vital for the future, the tools of creative, critically reflective thinking citizens in a culturally inclusive environment that will benefit all pupils.